Changes in biochemical and sperm parameters of rats drinking energy drinks.

Tiger energy drink is used in this research to see the effect on serum lipid profile, liver enzymes, and kidney function, also observing changes in sperm parameters. Sixteen male rats were divided into four groups, each consisting of four rats. The control group was given water and rat feed, while groups 1, 2, and 3 were given water with Tiger energy drink (25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively) for eight weeks. The results showed that the effect of energy drinks on lipid profile decreased cholesterol, TG, and LDL, while there was a slight increase in HDL. Treatment with wild Tiger energy drink generally caused insignificant increases in GOT and GPT in both G2 and G3 groups as compared to the control. However, in the G1 group, GPT and GOT significantly increased. Accordingly, ALP concentration was significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to the control group. Sperm quality declined as the concentration of energy drinks consumed increased. The potential adverse effects of energy drinks, at their specific dosages, have been determined to include hepatic and renal impairment, as well as alterations in serum lipids. Additional research is required to investigate the specific mechanism by which energy drinks impact spermatogenesis, either through the modulation of endocrine hormones or other metabolic pathways.

The Association between High-Caffeine Drink Consumption and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: As excessive caffeine intake may be associated with anxiety disorders, one of the most prevalent mental illnesses among adolescents globally, this study investigated the association between high caffeine consumption and anxiety in a nationally representative sample of South Korean adolescents. METHODS: 46,873 participants from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) 2022 were included. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) questionnaire was used to evaluate anxiety symptoms. Survey questions determined the number of times each participant consumed high-caffeine drinks per week. The chi-square test was used to investigate and compare the general characteristics of the study population, and a modified Poisson regression was used to analyze the relationship. RESULTS: Both male and female participants reporting excessive high-caffeine drink consumption exhibited higher anxiety levels (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.31 in males; aPR: 1.14, CI: 1.05-1.23 in females). This association remained statistically significant in subgroup analyses, particularly among high school students and those with a shorter sleep duration. The relationship between high-caffeine drink consumption and anxiety strengthened with increasing anxiety levels. Additionally, there was a dose-dependent relationship between the prevalence of anxiety and high-caffeine drinks. CONCLUSION: High caffeine consumption increases anxiety in South Korean adolescents. This association proved consistent regardless of sex or other socioeconomic factors.

Strict regulations on energy drinks to protect Minors' health in Europe - It is never too late to set things right at home.

The consumption of energy drinks poses significant risks to minors' health, and strict regulations are urgently needed to protect them. The high caffeine, high sugar, and high caloric content of energy drinks have drawn concern from health professionals. The consumption of energy drinks has been linked to unhealthy dietary behaviors, obesity, and mental health problems in adolescents. The psychoactive and stimulant effects of energy drinks are particularly worrisome, and the marketing of these drinks on social media platforms is also a cause for alarm. In light of these concerns, we strongly recommend policy measures, such as restrictions on the sale of energy drinks to minors, to prevent their health risks. The evidence clearly suggests that energy drinks pose significant risks to minors' health and well-being, and regulatory standards must be implemented without further delay.

Consumption of energy drinks by children and young people: a systematic review examining evidence of physical effects and consumer attitudes.

OBJECTIVE: To update an earlier review, published in 2016, on the health and other outcomes associated with children and young people's consumption of energy drinks (EDs). STUDY DESIGN: Review article. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: Systematic searches of nine databases (ASSIA, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, DARE, Embase, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) retrieved original articles reporting the effects of EDs experienced by children and young people up to the age of 21 years. Searches were restricted by publication dates (January 2016 to July 2022) and language (English). Studies assessed as being weak were excluded from the review. Included studies underwent narrative synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 57 studies were included. Boys consumed EDs more than girls. Many studies reported a strong positive association between ED consumption and smoking, alcohol use, binge drinking, other substance use and the intentions to initiate these behaviours. Sensation-seeking and delinquent behaviours were positively associated with ED consumption, as were short sleep duration, poor sleep quality and low academic performance. Additional health effects noted in the updated review included increased risk of suicide, psychological distress, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, depressive and panic behaviours, allergic diseases, insulin resistance, dental caries and erosive tooth wear. CONCLUSIONS: This review adds to the growing evidence that ED consumption by children and young people is associated with numerous adverse physical and mental health outcomes. Where feasible and ethical, additional longitudinal studies are required to ascertain causality. The precautionary principle should be considered in regulatory policy and restriction of ED sales to this population. PROSPERO REGISTRATION: CRD42021255484.

Knowledge, attitude, and perception of energy drinks consumption among university students in Jordan.

Energy drinks gained popularity after the launch of Red Bull in 1997. Different brands are now available and young adults mainly consume these drinks. This study assesses the knowledge, attitude, and perception of energy drink consumption among university students in Jordan. A validated online survey was used to collect the required data, extracted from Google Forms into an Excel spreadsheet and statistically analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0. A nationally representative sample of university students with a mean age of 22⋅2 ± 3⋅9 years (n 749) was obtained. The participating students demonstrated a neutral level of knowledge about energy drinks, as the mean score of knowledge = 7⋅1 ± 2⋅2 (out of 12), with 66 % (n 498) of them having consumed energy drinks and experienced their effects. Generally, the study's participants demonstrated a neutral attitude towards energy drinks and 70⋅5 % (n 528) acknowledged that energy drinks increase activity, but more than 70 % of them believed that energy drinks have harmful side effects. It was found that there is a significant (P-value <0⋅5) positive correlation between knowledge score and female gender, studying a medical major, and monthly income. The main reasons for consuming energy drinks were reported to be: to stay awake for longer, help study, and become more energetic. There is a need for more structured awareness campaigns to warn students about the possible side effects of these products in order to reduce the consumption and popularity of these drinks among students.

Are teenagers 'drowning' in sports and energy drinks? The need for upstream and downstream interventions.

Sports and energy drinks are consumed regularly by adults, children and young people (CYP). The dental and wider health implications of their frequent consumption pose a challenge to dental and other health professionals alike, in particular the increasing consumption in CYP, with up to one-third drinking caffeinated energy drinks regularly. The recent popularity of products such as Prime has highlighted the role of social media and marketing on the purchasing and consumption of these drinks, particularly for CYP. This paper describes current consumption of sports and energy drinks nationally and the potential impact on general and dental health. It discusses their popularity in CYP, including purchasing habits and motivations for this age group, and the role of social media in promoting consumption. It then highlights the importance of introducing public health measures to address these factors. Finally, a key role for dental teams is proposed, with an emphasis on the importance of further research to determine the effectiveness of dietary interventions delivered by dental professionals.

Intake of Energy Drinks Before and During Pregnancy and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.

Importance: Consumption of energy drinks has increased drastically in recent years, particularly among young people. It is unknown whether intake of energy drinks is associated with health during pregnancy. Objective: To examine associations of energy drink intake before and during pregnancy with risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs). Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study included data from women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study 3 (NHS3) between June 1, 2010, and September 27, 2021, and the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) who reported 1 or more singleton pregnancy from January 1, 2011, to June 1, 2019. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2021, to September 28, 2023. Exposure: Intake of energy drinks, assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were self-reported APOs, including pregnancy loss, gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or preterm birth, and a composite APO, defined as development of any of the APOs. Risk of APOs was compared between consumers and nonconsumers of energy drinks. Results: This study included 7304 pregnancies in 4736 participants with information on prepregnancy energy drink intake and 4559 pregnancies in 4559 participants with information on energy drink intake during pregnancy. There were 1691 GUTS participants (mean [SD] age, 25.7 [2.9] years) and 3045 NHS3 participants (mean [SD] age, 30.2 [4.1] years). At baseline, 230 GUTS participants (14%) and 283 NHS3 participants (9%) reported any intake of energy drinks. While no associations were found for pregnancy loss (odds ratio [OR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.71-1.11), preterm birth (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.71-1.61), gestational diabetes (OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.58-1.35), preeclampsia (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.41-1.30), or the composite APO (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.87-1.26), prepregnancy energy drink use was associated with a higher risk of gestational hypertension (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.29). A significant interaction was found between age and energy drink intake in relation to hypertensive disorders (P = .02 for interaction for gestational hypertension; P = .04 for interaction for any hypertensive disorders), with stronger associations for participants above the median age. No associations of energy drink intake during pregnancy with any of the APOs were found in NHS3 (eg, any APO: OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.41-1.79). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, energy drink intake before pregnancy was associated with an elevated risk of gestational hypertension. Given the low prevalence of energy drink intake and low consumption levels among users, the results should be interpreted cautiously.

The Dark Side of Energy Drinks: A Comprehensive Review of Their Impact on the Human Body.

In recent years, the consumption of energy drinks by young adults and athletes has risen significantly, but concerns have been raised about the potential health risks associated with excessive consumption. These concerns include cardiovascular problems, nervous system disorders, and the potential for addiction. This review aims to examine the reported effects of acute or chronic abuse of energy drinks on human health. The analysis shows a significant prevalence of adverse effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and neurovegetative systems. In particular, the analysis identified nine cases of cardiac arrest, three of which were fatal. The aetiology of these adverse effects is attributed to the inherent neurostimulant properties of these beverages, of which caffeine is the predominant component. A comparison of documented effects in humans with experimental studies in animal models showed an overlap in results. This review highlights the need for greater rigour in the assessment of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young people, as legal substances such as energy drinks may be involved. We propose stricter limits on the consumption of these beverages than for caffeine, based on the evidence found and the data in the literature. This review also calls for the establishment of regulations governing the consumption of these products in view of their potential impact on human health.

Alcohol mixed with energy drinks and aggressive behaviors in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a high-risk drinking practice. This systematic review examines how AmED use contributes to aggression (physical and sexual), in what role(s) (perpetrator and/or victim), in adolescents and young adult drinkers (age 25 and younger). METHODS: Computer assisted search identified 844 studies conducted prior to March 2023; of them 17 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: AmED use was significantly associated with aggressive behaviors. Between-subject studies suggests that AmED consumers have higher rates of perpetration (physical fights, bullying) and victimization compared to peers who only drink alcohol; however, within-subject studies of AmED users find no difference in physical aggression by drinking event (AmED vs. occasions where consumer drinks alcohol only). Similarly, AmED use was a risk factor for sexually aggressive behaviors (e.g., unwanted contact) and victimization. CONCLUSIONS: AmED use is a significant risk factor both victimization and perpetration of violent acts. Differences in within- versus between-study findings suggests that risk is associated with use of AmED, and not event level differences in drinking occasions among AmED users. Findings highlight the relative paucity of studies examining victimization and sexual violence and the need for future studies to incorporate more diverse samples and methodologies to better understand patterns of AmED use, perpetration, and victimization.

Energy Drinks and Adverse Health Events in Children and Adolescents: A Literature Review.

This review aims to investigate and summarize adverse health events in children and adolescents associated with energy drink (ED) consumption, while also exploring the impact of simultaneous trigger factors and/or preexisting health conditions. We searched the database of PubMed, Cochrane library, and Web of Science for cases associated with ED consumption in minors up to 9 May 2023. The literature written in English met inclusion criteria if patients were <18 years of age and the ED consumption was confirmed. Records, relevant articles, and reports that met all inclusion criteria were fully read by two researchers. In total, 18 cases reporting adverse health events were included. Of those, 45% affected the cardiovascular system, 33% the neuropsychological system, and 22% other organ systems. In 33% of cases, additional triggers were reported. In 44% preexisting health conditions were present. This literature review suggests that ED intake may well be associated with adverse health events in minors. The cardiovascular and the neuropsychiatric systems seem to be predisposed. ED consumption in combination with potential trigger factors or in the presence of preexisting health conditions appears to be critical. To prevent adverse health events in the future, children and adolescents should be informed about risk factors and responsible consumption behaviors.

Acute Myocardial Infarction Following the Consumption of Energy Drink in a 28-Year-Old Male: A Case Report.

Excessive intake of energy drinks is increasingly realized to have a detrimental effect on platelet and endothelial functions with resultant hypercoagulable state and consequently increased risk of thrombosis. A 28-year-old man of African origin presented to the emergency department with an 8-hour history of retrosternal chest pain. His symptoms started 4 hours after consuming 5 cans (1250 cc) of an energy drink whose principal ingredients are caffeine, taurine, sugar, and glucuronolactone. His past medical and surgical history was unremarkable, and he had no apparent cardiovascular risk factor. Physical examination was unremarkable; however, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram showed features of anterolateral myocardial infarction (STEMI). Catheterization confirmed a 100% thrombotic occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) artery and revascularization with a drug-eluting stent was successful. In conclusion, sudden onset of chest pain following energy drink consumption should raise an index of suspicion for acute coronary syndrome. With the preponderance of data suggesting increased incidence of energy drink-associated coronary events, it is prudent to advocate a limited consumption of such beverages.

Energy drinks: effects on pediatric 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. A randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (EDs) are popular beverages among minors. To date, clinical studies investigating ED-induced effects on the pediatric cardiovascular system are sparse. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a single, bodyweight-adjusted ED dosage on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in healthy children and adolescents. METHODS: This study was a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Study participants received a single, bodyweight-adjusted ED amount or a placebo drink on 2 consecutive days at similar morning hours. Twenty-four-hour ABPM was assessed via an automated oscillometric blood pressure device after beverage consumption on both study days. RESULTS: A total of 17 healthy children and teenagers (13.90 (12.29-17.89) years) were included in the final analysis. The ED consumption led, compared to the placebo intake, to a significantly higher 24-h systolic (115.90 (110.22-118.04) vs. 110.64 (108.09-115.45) mmHg, p = 0.013) and diastolic blood pressure (66.08 (64.20-68.32) vs. 62.63 (61.40-66.46) mmHg, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The single, bodyweight-adjusted ED consumption is linked with a significantly higher systolic as well as diastolic 24-h blood pressure in healthy children and adolescents. Minors, particularly those with an increased cardiovascular morbidity, should be discouraged from drinking EDs. IMPACT: Energy drinks (EDs) are consumed by many children and teenagers. While adverse cardiovascular events after ED consumption were reported in the literature, the effects of these beverages on the pediatric 24-h blood pressure profile have not been systematically evaluated yet. In our manuscript, we demonstrate for the first time that acute ED consumption is associated with a significantly higher 24-h systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in healthy minors.